Economic Rehabilitation and Modernisation in China

Economic Rehabilitation and Modernisation in China ECONOMIC REHABILITATION AND MODERNISATION PROGRAMME 1.  Post Mao Interlude (a) Fall of the Gang of Four, leadership under Deng Xiaoping restated the modernization program. (b) They also set new policies for accomplishing the Four Modernizations which was to turn the nation into a relatively advanced industrialized nation by the year 2000. The modernizations was to be in the field of industry, agriculture, science and technology, and national defence. (c) The new policies reinforced the authority of economic decision makers and managers at the expense of party officials, and called for expansion of the research and education systems . (d) Foreign trade was intended to be increased, and exchanges of foreign experts and students with developed countries was encouraged. It called for high rates of growth in both agriculture and industry. (e) The economy was reformed to a market oriented economy. 2.  Reforms in Agriculture Sector. (a) Maos policy of self-reliance was relaxed, and his motto grow grain everywhere was abandoned. (b) Communities were restructured into the responsible system wherein farmers no longer devoted maximum of their efforts in collective production but farmers were allowed to decide for themselves how and what to produce. (c) The constraints on the movements of rural populations was relaxed. Towns, villages, and groups of families referred to as rural economic unions established factories, processing units, construction teams, catering services, and other nonagricultural concerns. (d) A system of specialized households’ was made wherein free farmers markets in the urban areas and in the countryside were established. (e) Rural cadres implemented an entirely new system to motivate farmers, called ‘Baogan’ system. (f) The rural banking system (Agricultural Bank and Rural Credit Cooperatives) was restored and extended[1]. (g) However, the major change was after 1978 farm families were permitted to invest funds, and their investments in small tractors, rural industries, and housing were substantial. (h) Rural marketing system improved significantly in the post Mao period. The policy of selling the farm to local state came to an end. People had several options of selling the surpluses to local market or to state or consumed on the farm. Rural markets which were disbanded during the Cultural Revolution were reopened. 3.  Reforms in Industrial Sector. (a) The impetus to reforms were based on the framework of ‘Four Modernizations and industrial policies outlined by Deng Xiaoping. These included strengthening management and managerial rules, restoring the status of engineers and technicians, providing clear directives for realizing the eight planning targets ( output volume , product type, quality , consumption of materials and fuel, labor productivity, costs, profits and use of liquid capital) , greater regional coordination, firmer central planning and tighter control of investment policy and increased import of foreign technology[2]. (b) Emphasis on rapid industrial development was given and a group of 120 key large scale projects was central to the plan which aimed at lifting the rate of growth to the value of industrial output to 10 percent a  year and at large increases in the areas of power, fuels, raw materials and transport and communications including doubling the output of steel[3]. (c) In 1978 policy of ‘Thirty points’ was envisaged which included rules for enterprise management and post responsibility , state plans was to be fulfilled based on ‘five sixes’ ( fixed nature and scale of production, fixed personnel and organization ,fixed consumption and supply quotas, fixed capital allocation and relation of cooperation with other enterprises)[4]. (d) In 80’s the growth of mixed economy with complementarity’s between the plan and market competition was promoted[5]. (e) Mandatory planning covered sixty products such as coal, crude oil, nonferrous metals, timber, cement, basic industrial chemicals, chemical fertilizers, machines and electrical equipment, fibers, newsprint, cigarettes, and defense products. (f) Under the reforms of Guidance planning, enterprises try to meet the states planned goals but also make their own arrangements for production and sales based on the orientation of the states plan, the availability of raw and unfinished materials and energy supplies, and the demands on the market. (g) Urban, collectively owned enterprises (owned by the workers) for the most part were small units equipped with relatively little machinery. Many of these units were engaged in handicraft production or other labor-intensive activities, such as manufacturing furniture or assembling simple electrical items. (h) Rural, collectively owned industrial enterprises commonly referred to as township enterprises were the most rapidly growing portion of the industrial sector in the mid-1980s. The government regarded them as a means of expanding industrialization[6]. 4.  Development of Infrastructure. (a) China had inadequate transportation systems which hindered the movement of coal from mine to user, the transportation of agricultural and light industrial products from rural to urban areas, and the delivery of imports and exports. As a result, the underdeveloped transportation  system constrained the pace of economic development throughout the country. From 1980s onwards the updating of transportation systems was given priority[7]. (b)  Development of Railroads. (i) Priority was given to link all provinces of the country, by railroads. Many double-track lines, electrified lines, special lines, and bridges were added to the system. (ii) National highways linked provincial-level capitals with Beijing and major ports. (iii) Roads were built between large, medium, and small towns as well as between towns and railroad connections. (iv) Contract system for the management of railroad lines was introduced in China. (c)  Development of Waterways. (i) The maritime fleet made hundreds of port calls in virtually all parts of the world, but the inadequate port and harbor facilities at home still caused major problems. (ii) Port construction also was listed as a priority project in the plan. The combined accommodation capacity of ports was to be increased by 200 million tons. (d)  Development of Airways. (i) Civil aviation underwent tremendous development during the 1980s. Domestic and international air service was greatly increased. (ii) The plan also called for updating passenger and freight transportation and improving railroad, waterways, and air transportation. To achieve these goals, the government planned to increase state and local investment as well as to use private funds. 5.  Reforms in Trade Policies, Foreign Trade and Emerging New Market. (a) Abandonment of policy of ‘ Self Reliance’. Between 1975-80 China got into new trade activities, seeking to import technology, borrow money, request aid and adopt fresh methods of earning foreign exchange. (b) Policies were framed to bring in foreign technology and capital with minimum expenditure[8]. (c) To earn more foreign currency and to conserve foreign exchange reserves, foreign capital was also used to expand production of export commodities, such as textiles, and of import substitutes, such as consumer goods. (d) China has adopted a variety of measures to promote its foreign economic relations, maximizing the role of imports, exports, and foreign capital in economic development. Foreign trade organizations were reorganized, and control of imports and exports was relaxed or strengthened depending on the balance of trade and the level of foreign exchange reserves. (e) China joined a number of economic organizations, becoming a member of the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, the Asian Development Bank, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). (f) Most loans went into infrastructure projects, such as energy and transportation, and funded raw materials imports. (g) Legal and institutional frameworks to facilitate foreign investment and trade also were created. Laws on taxation, joint ventures, foreign investments, and related areas were promulgated to encourage foreign investment. (h) Special economic zones were created .The special economic zones essentially were export-processing zones designed to attract foreign investment, expand exports, and import technology and expertise. (j) China took steps to decentralize its foreign trading system and integrate itself into the world trading system. In November 1991, China joined the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) group, which promotes free trade and cooperation in the economic, trade, investment, and technology spheres. (k) China formally joined the WTO in December 2001.On joining China agreed to lower tariffs and abolish market impediments after it joins the WTO. (l) Chinas global trade totaled 1384 billion dollars in 2005; the trade surplus stood at 60 billion dollars. Chinas primary trading partners include Japan, the EU, the United States, South Korea, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. According to U.S. statistics, China had a trade surplus with the U.S. of 150 billion dollars in 2005. 6.  Foreign Investment (a) Foreign investment was stalled in 1989 in the aftermath of Tiananmen. In response, the government introduced legislation and regulations designed to encourage foreigners to invest in high-priority sectors and regions. (b) In 1990, the government eliminated time restrictions on the establishment of joint ventures and allowed foreign partners to become chairman of joint venture boards. (c) In 1991, China granted more preferential tax treatment for wholly foreign-owned businesses and contractual ventures and for foreign companies which invest in selected economic zones or in projects encouraged by the state, such as energy, communications, and transportation. (d) China revised significantly its laws on Wholly Foreign-Owned Enterprises and China Foreign Equity Joint Ventures in 2000 and 2001, easing export performance and domestic content requirements. In 2005, China received nearly 53 billion dollars in foreign direct investment, making it the number one recipient of FDI in the world. 7. Energy and Mineral Resources. New energy policy was formalized which included development of indigenous oil and gas reserves, development of domestic oil and gas markets, diversification of energy sources, diversification of imported energy suppliers, encouragement of energy conservation and efficient energy use. (b) Reforms carried out to improve energy efficiency and promote the use of clean coal technology. Only one-fifth of the new coal power plant capacity installed from 1995 to 2000 included desulphurization equipment. (c) It has opened oil and gas industry. The offshore petroleum industry has also been developed with foreign investment. (d) Refining capacity is also being increased. Storage and pipeline facilities are being increased and new ones are being added. (e) China has developed a sound energy policy by diversifying its energy linkages and relationship through investment attraction , incentives for technology and dialogue with energy resource economy. 8.  Development of Science and Technology. (a) The Cultural Revolution had removed an entire generation from access to university and professional training, creating a gap in the age distribution of the scientific work force. (b) However since 1978 China encouraged experimentation in its science and technology system as a means of arriving at reforms. (c) In restructuring the science and technology system emphasis was placed on encouraging partnership between research, educational and designing institution on one hand and production units on the other and on strengthening the enterprises capability for technology absorption and  development .More power for decision making was granted to research institutes. (d) The long term policy of China’s science and technology development was to open to outside world and establish contact with other countries. [1] Agriculturereforms www.country-data.com [2] Jack gray and Gordon White op.cit p.91 [3] Jack gray and Gordon White op.cit p.92 [4] Jack gray and Gordon White op.cit p.95 [5] Jack gray and Gordon White op.cit p.98 [6]China’s economy www.country-data.com 1987 [7] ibid [8] Jack gray and Gordon White op.cit p.149

Nursing Essay -- Health Care, Medical Technology

In this era of increasing medical technology, changing modes of communication and the expansion of nursing professional roles, ethical, legal and social issues in nursing are increasing. Nurses operate in situations that put them under ethical, legal and social challenges on a daily basis. These issues are linked to legislative changes and ethics of medical technologies geared towards helping nurses to provide better healthcare, for patients. They govern issues of confidentiality, practice, medical issues and the expectations the society has put on nurses. The nursing profession has had radical development and change since its inception. Technology has contributed much to the development of nursing as a profession Changing societal population demographics, the increase of complex knowledge in healthcare and increasing gaps in the nursing profession have made healthcare professionals and managers to call for an overhaul of the healthcare system (Cowen & Moorhead, 2006). Most recommendations advocating for change in nursing profession propose an increased use of technology that can make nursing practice more efficient. Information technology has the capacity to perform more than simple efficiency increase. Information technology is viewed as a part of the change in healthcare delivery as opposed to the automation of existing processes. This means that it has the potential to change nursing processes within institutions and create a favorable care relationship between nurses and patients. The adoption of technology in the nursing profession, specifically, within the workplace has been possible because of the interactions between technical skills, workplace culture and social support. Nursing requ ires information technology to prom... ...se of information technology, in their practice. Information technology issues should apply in nursing practice to help nurses respond appropriately in the betterment of health care. Conclusion Information technology has helped transform nursing profession over years. It has helped develop the professional into a unique and distinct profession. Nursing profession is significant in the society because it deals with the health issues. Therefore, information technology issues help in ensuring that patients get appropriate health care and nurses work in favorable working conditions. The improvements made to information technology issues have contributed to the betterment of the profession, over the years. Therefore, nurses must embrace information technology and make use of future developments in nursing profession because they play an essential role in practice.

Mission and vision Essay

Mission statement â€Å"Reason for existing† 1. What do we do? We drill, we make pipes, we make wells, we help to clean the environment, 2. How do we do it? 3. Who for? We do it for our clients, for the countries and in the end for local people 4. Why do you do it? Values Triple A – grade system HSE – employee and environment orientated Quality and Ethics – product and customer orientated Performance – business and finance orientated Fancy words to use: The best, clear, easy, secure, quality, strong, fast?, vision, make a change/traditional/growing business, innovative, progressive, excellence, sustainable, world-class/globally operating, inspiration, Make the brand stand for one thing. What is our product for? What role does it play in people’s lives? How does Bauer help the local community? Or globally? Corporate Social Responsibility Sustainable development the Group’s environmental policy stipulates that environmental impact must be minimized in all construction works and other projects Vision What do we want to achieve? In the future (Where are we going with this?) When would you be satisfied as the company owner? Obvious: We want to be N.1 company on the market Future of mankind Strategic goals Smaller visions for various areas, they are based on the vision and represent the desirable states and conditions which the company wants to achieve. Strategic, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Timed, Ethical, Rewarded Areas: 1. Market 2. Financial performance 3. Business growth 4. research and development, the level of technology and investment, 5. Social Services, the quality of employees and motivation systems, 6. implementation of information systems, and the environment Strategy How do we reach these strategic goals? Swot analysis http://www.linkedin.com/today/post/article/20130626044531-64875646-what-the-hell-is-wrong-with-mission-and-vision-statements BCG method Slogans used: We won’t stand still When others go into detail you deal with the big stuff at Bauer No hire and fire Halliburton: Solving challenges In the coming decades, energy resources will become increasingly difficult to find and access. As one of the world’s largest providers of products and services to the upstream energy industry, Halliburton serves the life cycle of the well. Using the latest geological technologies, we create data that help our customers locate oil and natural gas. When hydrocarbons are located, we provide solutions to determine if oil and gas can be produced. If a well is determined to be viable, we begin production and throughout the life of the field, we help ensure that our customers get optimal production rates. To prevent and respond to emergencies, customers call Halliburton for premier well intervention, pressure control, and pipeline and process services. Halliburton’s team of professionals around the globe provide these services to help our customers meet the world’s demand for energy, while maintaining the highest standards of environmental safety. The company serves the upstream oil and natural gas industry throughout the lifecycle of the reservoir: Create FAQ 1. What does the company do? 2. What industry are you in? for what industry do you provide? 3. How is the company organized? 4. What are your most significant projects?

Analysis Of John Updike s A P - 1293 Words

John Updike is viewed by his readers as a progressive voice in his work that promotes feminist issues. He makes these issues stand out more evidently, rather than hidden, in order for the reader to realize how women are viewed in society. From reading Updike’s AP, the story sends the message to readers of genders working together to strive for equality. If readers do not carefully and actively read AP they may miss key messages about the power men hold over women, not just in society but in literature as well. Even though Updike’s AP seems to be a story about a teenager finally standing up to his boss and quitting the job he hates, the tone used reveals the hidden message on how women are in a male-oriented world. The relationship between both men are women are shown as unequals, men on the top and women always below them, Updike makes sure to open up the reader s eyes in realizing the way females are being treated unfairly. The first bathing suit girl who walks into the AP and catches Sammy’s immediately looks at the chunky girl with a two-piece plaid bathing suit on that showed off her sweet broad soft-looking can (Updike 157). Sammy goes in detail at pointing out this girl’s body features, especially her behind, those two crescents of white just under it, where the sun never seems to hit (Updike 158). If the girl knew he was looking at her so intensely how would she feel? How would you feel if that was an everyday occurrence, getting criticized by your body orShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of John Updike s A P2577 Words   |  11 Pagescome together and declare allegiance to a similar core of beliefs. And, when they do, they ask a particular set of question about a literary work. Each different way of analyzing a literary work elicits a different set of questions. AP, a short story by John Updike, would best be analyzed by using the school of New Criticism and analyzing the journey Sammy, the narrator, experiences throughout the story. The school of New Criticism believes that the work’s overall meaning depends solely on the textRead MoreAnalysis Of John Updike s A P2084 Words   |  9 Pagesallegiance to a similar core of beliefs. Once they do, they ask a particular set of questions about the literary work. Each different way of analyzing brings up different sets of questions. There are a total of seven different schools. John Updike’s short story A P, would be analyzed best using the school of New Criticism and analyzing Sammy’s experience throughout the day. New Criticism is the work’s overall meaning depending on the text in front of the reader. In high school or in freshman collegeRead MoreAnalysis Of John Updike s A P 1804 Words   |  8 Pagesit’s seemingly infallibility. 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This essay will present two short fictional stories: â€Å"AP† by John Updike, and â€Å"A Sorrowful Woman† by Gail Godwin. â€Å"AP† shares an interesting piece of art illus trating theRead MoreThe parallel between â€Å"Cathedral† and â€Å"AP†1892 Words   |  8 Pages The parallel between â€Å"Cathedral† and â€Å"AP† Raymond Carver with â€Å"Cathedral† and â€Å"AP† by John Updike are both short stories, even if in facts they are written during the same century, readers can interpret the changes that occurred to be really different. They both introduce characters that are being victim of stereotype by the protagonists, but somehow these characters made a great change into the protagonists’ view of the world and life itself. The stories differ in atmosphere and the quantityRead MoreThe Psychoanalytical Criticism Of Psychoanalysis And Education Essay2096 Words   |  9 Pagesuse it in any story. 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